Physiological Adaption Fish Essay

Adaptation of Fish to Its Environment BIO101 March 11,2013 Physiological Adaptation of Fish to Its Environment All organisms around the world are sparsely distributed depending on the environment that best suited to their modes of survival. Organisms undergo adaptation – an evolutionary process where they became well-suited to a particular. The process of adaptation happens through the natural selection, whereby nature selects those organisms that suit a certain habitat and sustain them for successive generation and ones that do not perish, hence the theme of survival for the fittest. The surviving species pass the same favorable features to their generation for their further survival after a progressive reproduction. Physiological adaptation of fish to their habitat depends on what the nature favors to suit them. Below is the illustration of the external and internal features of a fish (â€Å"Internal Salmon Anatomy Worksheet Key,† 2011): Water bodies have a diversity of conditions that enable fishes to adapt to their survival. The physiological adaptation of these animals varies to a particular habitat, and it relates to how their metabolism works to counter the changing environment. Fish metabolic activities seek to regulate their body functions in any opportune change of their environment and adapt to it. To control the body temperature, fishes undergo physiological thermoregulation. The physiological and metabolic activities regulate the body temperature and maintain it by means of countercurrent exchange system. The countercurrent exchange system is one where the hot blood in the blood vessels, as a result of muscular activities, passes along and gives up some heat to the blood in the adjacent blood vessels, which is flowing to the other parts of the body. This way fishes are able to keep warm. Fish also have the survival tactics in areas where water temperatures are on the point of freezing all the year round – like in the Antarctica region. In order to overcome the darkness due to the ice over the water surface, fish have a specialized sensory system called mechanosensory lateral line, which enables them to sense the motion of other animal in their environment and allows them to feed. However, some fish subspecies normally live in the freshwater and in seawater depending on the environmental opportunities that affects their chances to survive (WhyEvolutionIsTrue, 2012). Freshwater fish have a mechanism, which makes possible them to concentrate salt within their bodies in the environment of salt deficiency; consequently, marine fish have the capability to excrete excess salt in the hypertonic environment. The latter as well has chloride cell in their gills, which produce enzyme called gill Na+/K+ATPase that enables them to ride their plasma of excess salt build up when they drink seawater. The enzyme is applied to pump sodium out of their gills using the energy generated from the muscle. Freshwater fish have a physiological mechanism that allows them to concentrate salt and compensate their sanity environment. They achieve the balance of the body and that of the surrounding by producing very dilute, copious urine to rid them of the excess water in their body while taking ions through their gills (â€Å"Fish in Their Environments: Habitats & Adaptation,† 2010). Their adaptation favors their capability to adjust to the changing environment. The swordfish has a modified eye muscle with a concentration of mitochondrion cells. The mitochondrion organelles perform the duty of breaking down of food to obtain energy for normal eye movement and to provide heat for blood going to the brain. The physiological system of fish also operates within a fluid environment despite the change its environment. Osmoregulation in fish aims to get a stable balance of uptake and loss of water and solutes through their excretory organs. Marine fish, for example, bony fishes, are hypo-osmotic to seawater; respond to loosing water in their bodies by osmosis and gain salt by diffusion and from the food they eat. They also take up chloride ions through their skin and gills to balance osmotic condition of their environment. In conclusion, fish, like all other animals, have their mode of adaptation to survive in their habitat regarding the circumstances that occur. They will continue to reproduce passing those adaptations to their next generation. References Internal salmon anatomy worksheet key. (2011, January 14). U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved from http://www. fws. ov/r5crc/salmon/workbook/homework_salmon_anatomy_internal_key. htm Fish in their environments: Habitats & adaptation. (2010, March 3). Earthguide. Retrieved from http://earthguide. ucsd. edu/fishes/environment/environment_zones. html WhyEvolutionIsTrue. (2012, April 11). Parallel adaptation in fish: Same genes used over and over. Why Evolution Is True. Retrieved from http://whyevolutionistrue. wordpress. com/2012/04/11/parallel-adaptation-in-fish-same-genes-used-over-and-over/

Donating Blood

Imagine that your father had just suffered a heart attack, and has to go through open-heart surgery in order to repair the damage that happened to his heart. Imagine your little nephew or niece was born with a rare heart defect and had to have a daily transfusion of blood in order to have a chance to wake up the next day. Imagine that your best friend went to the doctor and had just been diagnosed with leukemia, a disease requiring regular platelet transfusions. These aren't very nice things to imagine about, are they?It is very sad and unfortunate, but these things happen all the time, you or someone you know may have experienced something like that already. People experience something like this every day. Most people would probably just expect that the hospital would have enough types of blood to give to the people who need it so that they can get better. But that is not the case. In these sad cases most people would feel or want to do anything that they can to help. There is one w ay everyone can help and that is by donating blood.Red blood cells, platelets, and plasma are some of the things people can donate and they are also very important to a person who needs them. These can help the person return to good health. Some of the types of people who would need a blood transfusion are patients that have gone through surgery, burn victims, accident victims, anemics, hemophiliacs, babies that are very sick, and people suffering from leukemia, cancer, kidney disease, and liver disease. Some really interesting facts about the blood donations and the need for blood is that about every three seconds there is someone in the world who needs blood.That’s more than forty thousand people who need blood every day. The demand for blood is constantly rising and sometimes a certain type of blood can be in short supply which can put lots of peoples lives in danger. Even if you just donate once, that will be enough to save several people. I myself have gone to a blood do nation clinic, but unfortunately I couldn't donate any blood because my temperature was too high, but I won't let that discourage me from re-scheduling another appointment at the American Red Cross blood.The set up that they had there was not what I had expected it to be. There have been a few blood drives at my school but I never donated blood. American red cross came about two times each school year around the middle of every semester. Everything was set up inside the gym with around a couple dozen of beds, where they make you lie down while they take your blood, spread around the basketball court. Sometimes they even brought the little camping trailers where you can go inside of it and they'll take your blood.The day before I had made my appointment online at 4:00 PM to donate platelets. When I walked in the American Red Cross clinic I thought it was going to be much bigger like the ones that were at my school gym but instead there were only about a dozen beds in a little area to the left of the entrance. I Started walking towards the area where everyone was donating at, but then I was stopped. A short Latino man with black hair around his forties came up to me and asked â€Å"Can I help you? †.Since it was my first time going somewhere to donate blood, I didn't know what to do. I thought that since I made an appointment at four that I would just be able to walk in, confirm that I was the one that had made the appointment, lie down on the bed, and they will take my blood, but I was gravely mistaken. As I was just standing there not knowing what to do I said to the man â€Å"Ummm yeah. I made an appointment online to donate platelets. † He asked me if I had a donors card and i replied no.Then after explaining to him that i have never given blood before so this was all new to me, he gave me a look like he finally understood why I was so clueless. Now that we were finally on the same page, the man asked for my drivers license so that I could prov e I am who I say I am. When i gave him my drivers license he went somewhere to another room. While he went to go do his thing, I was instructed to sit down and read a binder that looked at least 6 inches thick.I grabbed the binder from the table and just sat there looking at the front cover thinking to myself â€Å"They expect me to read everything thats in this huge binder? †. But when I opened it up, I was relieved to see only a few pages. As I finished reading about donating blood and the requirements, the man came back with my drivers license attached to a folder with a paper clip. I was asked if I was ready and I said yes. I was taken to this really small square room that almost made me feel closterfobic and then I was told to sit down.I took a seat and then he also sat down in a small desk in the corner of the room next to me. I was asked a few questions like my social security number, where I lived, do I have any diseases, my age, a whole bunch of questions. It felt li ke I was being interrogated. As he finally got done asking me all those questions, he told me that he needed to poke a little needle in my finger and get a small blood sample. As I was sitting there with my finger sticking out I saw him grab what looked like a small clicking pen.Then he started to put the end on the top of my finger. Suddenly he just clicked the pen, and I felt a little poke and my finger started bleeding. He wiped my finger with a small cotton ball and then grabbed a little square piece of glass and put in on my finger to get a small blood sample. After he told me I had enough iron in my blood to donate, now he had to take my temperature. I had to put a thermometer under my tongue for a few seconds until he grabbed it. One of the requirements for donating blood is you cannot donate if your temperature is over 99.5 F. When my temperature was taken I was only 2 percent away from meeting the requirements, which means my temperature was 99. 7 F. I was told I couldn't d onate which made me a little disappointed. I told him I would reschedule again some other time. In my one day that I went to the American red cross building I learned a lot of new things and how I can help save peoples lives. I will definitely be making another appointment soon and ill keep making an appointment as much as I can.

Nurses Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Essay

A significant number of patients continue to experience unrelieved pain during hospitalization despite decades of research, improved therapeutic measures and advancement in technology. Delays in recovery, decreased patient satisfaction, decreased quality of life and increased healthcare costs are some consequences related to poor pain management. Limitation in nurses’ knowledge about pain assessment and management contributes to poor pain management in hospitalized patients. Literature suggests concerns about addiction and respiratory depression as a likely cause of under treatment of pain (Lewthwaite et.al, 2011). A study conducted to explore nursing opinions about pain revealed a tendency for personal opinion to influence the choice of opioid dose (Lewthwaite et.al, 2011). The purpose of this study was to better understand the registered nurses’ level of knowledge of and attitudes toward pain management. Where do nurses receive and update their knowledge about pain management? A 2007 survey of Canadian university undergraduate programs showed pain education virtually nonexistent in the curricula of health care professional faculties (Watt-Watson, McGillion, & Hunter, 2007). Providing adequate pain management depends on the level of knowledge of, skills, and attitudes of nurses. To address learning needs effectively, and prior to planning educational opportunities, it is essential to identify these knowledge gaps. Education alone may be insufficient to change practice, given limited improvement in pain management over the last three decades. Some suggest changing the entire culture within any given organization to one that designates and empowers nurses in areas of assessment and management of patients’ pain experiences , thereby giving the nurse greater influence over these areas (Lewthwaite et al., 2011). Strong nursing leadership and support from clinical nurse specialists, educators, and administrators is needed to introduce and sustain practice changes. Methods Design and Sample This descriptive quantitative study was conducted in an urban tertiary care hospital in Midwestern Canada. A convenience sample included 761 full and part-time registered nurses who administer analgesia as part of their practice. Clinical units included surgery, woman and child, cardiac sciences, medicine, family medicine, geriatric-rehabilitation, emergency, mental health, and the hospital float pool (Lewthwaite et al., 2011). A self-administered one-page data survey was created for the study, which collected demographical information as well as years of experience and pain knowledge. The survey included the Ferrell and McCaffery (2008) Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (KASRP) tool. The original KASRP tool would be thought of as too long to complete during working hours, so a revised survey using only the 22 true and false question on the KASRP tool was used (Lewthwaite et al., 2011). The KASRP tool, developed in 1987 and revised in 2008, is used extensively as a pre and posttest evaluation measure for educational programs to assess nurses and other healthcare professionals. The content was reviewed and validated by pain experts, and content information was established through current pain management standards derived from organizations including the World Health Organization, American Pain Society, and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Construct validity was established by comparing scores of nurses at various levels of expertise from students, to senior pain experts (Ferrell & McCaffery, 2008). Procedures An alpha level of 0.05 would determine statistical significance. Construct validity was evaluated by comparing nurses scores with varying levels of expertise, from students to senior nurses and pain experts. Test-retest reliability was established (r > 0.80) and internal consistency was shown, with a coefficient alpha of 0.85 (Lewthwaite et al., 2011). Results Out of 761 nurses, 324 participated and returned the surveys, for a response rate of 43%. Years of experience ranged from 24% with more than 25 years of professional experience to 22% with five years or less of professional experience. The majority of nurses’ reported working in surgery, woman and child, and cardiac sciences. Almost half of the participants (48.8%) scored 80% or higher and 66% of the nurses rated their knowledge of pain management as good. Questions relating to pharmacology, in particular those involving knowledge of opioids, scored the lowest. As with similar studies on this subject, this study found knowledge gaps among acute care nurses. The findings of this study can be used to design continuing educational opportunities in the work place that include pharmacology information to meet specific needs in the workplace. The results also provide a benchmark to evaluate the effectiveness of enhancing pain education in the classroom setting. Ethical Considerations Ethics approval was obtained from the study hospital research review committee, and a university research ethics board. The list of potential participants was obtained from the human resources department. Hospital volunteers delivered the study packets to unit-based staff mailboxes. The package included a letter of invite to participate, the survey questionnaire, and a self-addressed return envelope. Participation was voluntary, and completion and return of the questionnaire indicated such. In this self-reporting study, participants may have taken the opportunity to discuss questions or seek answers from other sources, as well as answer questions in a professionally or socially desirable fashion. Conclusion The battle to achieve effective pain management despite years of research and efforts by all involved continues to be a challenge. Previous nursing studies, along with this study, cite a knowledge gap amongst nurses as one reason for poor pain management and identify areas such as pharmacology, where nurses in particular lack knowledge. Continuing education opportunities are essential to achieve improved pain management skills. Education alone will not improve pain management; optimal quality care is dependent not only on a culture of learning but also on a cohesive professional team with inter-professional collaboration to ensure effective, individualized pain management. References Ferrell, B., & McCaffery, M. (2008). Knowledge and attitude survey regarding pain. Retrieved December 12, 2012 from http://prc.coh.org/Knowldege%20%20Attitude%20Survey%20-%20updated%205-08.pdf Lewthwaite,B.J., Jabusch, K.M., Wheeler, B.J., Schnell-Hoehn, K.N., Mills, J., Estrella-Holder, E., & Fedorowicz, A.(2011). Nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management in hospitalized adults. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 42(6), 251-7. Retrieved December 12, 2012 from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu Watt-Watson, J., McGillion, M., & Hunter, J. (2007). A survey of pain curricula in pre-licensure health sciences facilities in Canadian Universities. Retrieved December 12, 2012 from http://www.pulsus.com/journals/pdf_frameset.jsp?jnlKy=7&atlKy=9192&isArt=t&jnlAdvert=Pain&adverifHCTp=&sTitle=A%20survey%20of%20prelicensure%20pain%20curricula%20in%20health%20science%20faculties%20in%20Canadian%20universities,%20Pulsus%20Group%20Inc&HCtype=Physician.

Marketing 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing 3 - Essay Example , the product characteristics such as country of ownership and manufacturer of the parts, country of assembly and design, and the impact of brand name will be analyzed and discussed. Hyundai has a reputation of having cheap and unreliable back in 1998. (Bingham, 2001) As part of the Hyundai’s success in U.S. market ten years after, the company has started to remove its image of offering cheap cars. For this reason, the company has recently changed its company slogan from â€Å"Value for the Money† to â€Å"Think about it.† (Kwok, 2007) Among Hyundai’s product line includes: Tucson, Veracruz, and Santa Fe – a small SUV; and 4-door cars like Accent, Azera, Elantra, Genesis, Sonata, and Tiburon; including the large-size SUV called Mohaves. (Hyundai, 2008d; Jin, 2008) Aiming to penetrate the market of luxury cars, Hyundai recently introduced a new sedan called the Genesis – a rear-wheel drive with V8 engine. (Buss, 2008) vehicles by strengthening its partnership with its dealers and investing millions of dollars in the improvements of its developmental facilities. Aiming to increase its target consumers’ confidence on Hyundai cars, the company offered a 5-year / 60,000 mile warranty and a 10-year / 100,000 mile limited powertrain warranty. (Bingham, 2008b) Aside from using the traditional promotion approach like the American car showrooms and other promotional activities such as sponsoring the several sports activities worldwide (Jin, 2008) and ‘Drivers Wanted’ ad campaign (BusinessWeek, 2007), Hyundai has invested on electronic promotion by signing a contract with CCG.XM back in 2000 (Busines Wire, 2000). Hyundai professionally manufacture its own original equipment parts which are designed for safety and resale value. (Hyundai, 2008c) For this reason, the company could easily provide a manufacturer warranty to ensure the quality and customers’ satisfaction over Hyundai cars. Hyundai automobiles in America are assembled in U.S. assembly plants

An NFL Redskins Football Match Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An NFL Redskins Football Match Experience - Essay Example This descriptive essay portrays human expression from visiting a football match between Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins, which took place in Arlington, United States.Author explaines the commencement of the match, and thousands of fans of both the teams, that could be seen outside the stadium in the form of a huge crowd. They were seen carrying the flags of the respective teams and wore colorful clothes. The live match experience, described in this essay is second to nothing in terms of companionship of the audiences, their unity and support for their respective teams, the adventure and thrill that every goal accompanies, and the memories that stay with the audiences for a lifetime. This essay also focuses on the fans, ways of representing their favourite teams wearing bright colorful dress shirts and ties like red, maroon, dark blue, and even yellow. The match was between Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins. Accordingly, blue and red were the most prominent colors in the c rowd. The stadium was overcrowded with at least 40,000 audiences. A brief summary of the match also was given, especially the transition of the game from Dallas Cowboys to Washington Redskins and the effects on the crowd it caused. The atmosphere on the stadium was raised to the next level of thrill and excitement. In conclusion author outlines that, the experience of watching a football match on the television in no way compares to the experience of watching the team perform live in the stadium.

Reading summaries Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading summaries - Assignment Example This article has been authored by Rodrik and in this article the researcher states that policy reforms are not the only tools that can help a developing nation in increasing development. The author states that in order for policies to take effect, institutions that are in the backdrop are ill structured and thus any policy can only have a long lasting effect if the institutions are solid in nature. The author states that various policies such as the policy of trade liberalization cannot work effectively if there is lack of fiscal institutions and similarly if there is lack of a proper capital market then funds will not be allocated to those areas that need to be expanded (Rodrik 978). This is a discussion paper authored by Finn Tarp and in this paper the author argues that it is not necessary that foreign aid only works in those countries where good policies have been implemented. This is because Tarp believes that impact of foreign trade should not assessed in connection with good or bad policies because the policies that might be good might provide misleading information because it is not necessary that in developing nations there are institutions that are implementing these policies properly. In this article the researcher, Ravallion, identifies a new way of doing economics as identified by Banerjee as well as Duflo and according to this new way, decisions regarding economy should be based on randomized control trials or tests. The author states that performing randomized tests in order to conduct research related to economics is not new but these tests have provided surprising results. These tests are considered as important in order to identify causal relationship between different economic variables because these tests are easy to conduct as well as easy to explain. Another reason of these tests being good to perform causal study is that the

Research and Client Advisement on Two Careers Proposal - 1

And Client Advisement on Two Careers - Research Proposal Example Unwilling to seek a Master’s degree due to cost and personal obligations, it was necessary for Open Options to satisfy these demands for careers only requiring a four-year Bachelor’s level degree. The role of human resources manager, in most industries, requires only a Bachelor’s in Human Resources in order to receive the average salary of $59,310 (payscale.com, 2011). This was the salary for Lowe’s Home Improvement and was competitive with most other industries both retail and non-retail. Educational demands in the role of human resources manager are related to basic business courses, knowledge of applicable labor laws, marketing, and organizational communication. These are typical four-year degree courses that build a rounded applicant profile for the role of HR management. The client indicated that there was a need for a working environment that required little in terms of physical labor and also one where there was a high reliance on technology in dail y role obligations. This is why Open Options determined that the career of HR manager would be best-suited to the client needs. For example, the HR manager often utilizes the human resource information system (HRIS) with is â€Å"a composite of databases, computer applications, and hardware/software necessary to store, manage, deliver present and manipulate data† (Ngai & Wat, 2006, p.299). The working condition for an HR manager is one where technology is integral to serving low-level business populations and also large-scale corporate or multinational business environments. It is thus suited specifically to accommodate needs as identified through the interview. Skills required for the role of HR manager, it was identified through research, including knowledge of human psychology above and beyond the educational degree.

Analyzing Multiple Perspectives of ethical Dilemmas Essay

Analyzing Multiple Perspectives of ethical Dilemmas - Essay Example Here comes the question of ethics. Although, all branches in science have equal standing in terms of importance of ethics in their study and exploration, biology has been more prominent in this regard since it deals with the study of life itself; thus, engulfing the existence of plants, animals and most importantly, man himself. Therefore, bioethics, as it is widely known can be precisely come under definition as the discourse of the controversies with regard to the ethical dilemmas, which arise in the scientific study of life and living beings. The ethical dilemmas in the field of biological research and development are quite numerous. Like in other discourses, these dilemmas open themselves to multiple perspectives and schools of thought and therefore are an enriched field to study. Here, the paper will include a few such dilemmas that have been a pressing concern for bioethicists these days and will include study of various perspectives on them. A very popular and most discussed d ilemma in biology is that of cloning. Many scientists and scholar see cloning as a way to extend life in cases where survival is endangered (Brannigan, 11).

Shakespearean tragedies vs greek tragedies Research Paper

Shakespearean tragedies vs greek tragedies - Research Paper Example This paper aims to show elements of Greek tragedy that are present in Shakespearean tragedy, even though differences between them also exist. Macbeth Crime and punishment are the themes in Shakespeare famous tragedy, Macbeth. The lead character Macbeth is the typical Greek tragic hero because he has a tragic character flaw. This is â€Å"hubris† which also means extreme arrogance or pride that exceeds what is realistic. More accurately in ancient Greek context, it is actually a legal term that refers to actions that not only physically hurt, but also humiliate the victim, for the personal enjoyment of the abuser (Cohen, 1991). The crime therefore is not only in the harm caused but more in the pleasure taken by the abuser. In Greek tragedy, hubris, breach of hospitality, and murder are sins that are surely followed by punishment (Khare, 1998). In Greek tragedy, Paris displayed hubris when, despite the hospitality shown him by Menelaus of Sparta, he kidnapped Menelaus’ wi fe Helen, and because of this the city of Troy was destroyed. In comparison, Macbeth showed all three - hubris in his ambition to be king, murder in killing Duncan, Banquo, Lady Macduff and her children, and breach of hospitality when he murders King Duncan who was then a guest in his house. Many have likened Macbeth to Oedipus in Greek tragedy, because Oedipus was likewise guilty of all three sins. Like Macbeth, Oedipus also meets a violent death as punishment, which may be seen as the embodiment of â€Å"Nemesis† (Greek goddess of revenge) from another world (Khare, 1998, p. 196). In Greek tragedy, the Fates act as prophetesses who predict the future. In Shakespeare, the predictions are made by the three witches â€Å"or weird sisters† (Coddon, 1989). Witches are more in line with English culture and tradition, thus combining an English element with a Greek tragic element. In both instances, however, the predictions made by the Greek Fates and the Shakespearean witch es are not straightforward and have a hidden meaning that leads the hero to greater trouble. Finally, for both heroes, there is a realization in the end as well as spiritual growth, although it may have come too late for redemption. There are differences in plot between Macbeth and Oedipus, however. Oedipus committed parricide unknowingly, but Macbeth was fully aware of the evil of his deed. Oedipus reflects the classical Greek tragic element of divine intervention, which is the â€Å"perfect embodiment† in classic Greek literature. On the other hand, Macbeth is the â€Å"Renaissance† figure who â€Å"can be understood and ultimately criticised only by reference to defined standards of moral philosophy† (Sanders, 1968, p. 308). Macbeth also embodies elements of Western Christianity, whereas Oedipus reflects pre-Christian philosophy. Therefore, while Oedipus may be powerful in the ancient times because it conformed to the ethical standard of the day of Sophocles; likewise for Macbeth, which in its own style portrayed the ethical standard of Elizabethan England. The tragedy of Oedipus was the working of the gods in a divine-centric era. In Macbeth, man was the center and cause of the tragic act which reflected the Renaissance philosophy. Julius Caesar Julius Caesar is seen as a colossal hero, like Oedipus, who â€Å"

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 20

Analysis - Essay Example The theory of the New Deal is presented in this section to denote the various changes that were made in the labour industry at the time. There was widespread unemployment, poor working conditions and human suffering in society at the time. Her approach to such issues are presented in these letters where she is famed for having devised a solution to most of the issues presented (Johnson 24-2). She spearheaded the enactment of the government social security system that ensured equal rights for the unemployed, the aged and the dependent in society. This led to a reduction in human suffering among members of society who were unable to take care of themselves. Most of the New Deal accomplishments that were related to labor were attributed to her unending effort (Johnson 24-2). Her approach to human suffering is notable in these readings through her intervention in the issue of Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany. She placed humanitarian needs at the forefront because she believed human lives were to be preserved. At the height of the Nazi killings in Germany, she developed New Deals for Jewish refugees that involved quick assimilation into the United States through the Department of Immigration (Johnson 24-2). She worked hand in hand with the Roosevelt administration to start an era of New Deals in American Society. This document handles the issues of wealth distribution that was presented by Huey Long, a former Louisiana governor and United States Senator in the 1930s. Long is known to have presented elaborate speeches over the radio and some of these are presented in this document as he speaks to the members of the Share our Wealth Society. In this speech, Long advocates for the redistribution of wealth in society through the use of sharply graduated incomes and inheritance taxes ((Johnson 24-3). His radical ideas led to an improvement in public health and public education programs in the

How to Be a Better Writer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to Be a Better Writer - Essay Example To become a better writer, a person should adopt a regular habit of writing. One should follow a routine of trying to write done at least a paragraph every day. The ability of writing can further be enhanced if a person gets his writings checked by someone who has more knowledge and expertise in the field. This will assist the writer to know his faults and correct them in future work. A person can also meet professional writers and take their guidance and learn from their experiences.To become a better writer, a person should adopt a regular habit of writing. One should follow a routine of trying to write done at least a paragraph every day. The ability of writing can further be enhanced if a person gets his writings checked by someone who has more knowledge and expertise in the field. This will assist the writer to know his faults and correct them in future work. A person can also meet professional writers and take their guidance and learn from their experiences. Reading can also pr ove to be very beneficial for the writer and assist him in developing better writing skills. This is because in this way a writer can go through different ways of writing and understand the way of which he is the most comfortable. Vocabulary is also an essential part of writing as it enhances the pool of words which the writer can use in his writing.  

Midterm Exam Business Valuation and Stock Valuation Essay Example for Free

Midterm Exam Business Valuation and Stock Valuation Essay It is generally more expensive to form a proprietorship than a corporation because, with a proprietorship, extensive legal documents are required. (b) Corporations face fewer regulations than sole proprietorships. (c) One disadvantage of operating a business as a sole proprietorship is that the firm is subject to double taxation, at both the firm level and the owner level. (d) One advantage of forming a corporation is that equity investors are usually exposed to less liability than in a regular partnership. If a regular partnership goes bankrupt, each partner is exposed to liabilities only up to the amount of his or her investment in the business. (2) (TCO G) A security analyst obtained the following information from Prestopino Products’ financial statements: Retained earnings at the end of 2009 were $700,000, but retained earnings at the end of 2010 had declined to $320,000. †¢ The company does not pay dividends. †¢ The company’s depreciation expense is its only non-cash expense; it has no amortization charges. †¢ The company has no non-cash revenues. The company’s net cash flow (NCF) for 2010 was $150,000. On the basis of this information, which of the following statements is CORRECT? (Points : 10) (a) Prestopino had negative net income in 2010. ( b ) Prestopino’s depreciation expense in 2010 was less than $150,000. (c) Prestopino had positive net income in 2010, but its income was less than its 2009 income. (d) Prestopino’s NCF in 2010 must be higher than its NCF in 2009. (e) Prestopino’s cash on the balance sheet at the end of 2010 must be lower than the cash it had on the balance sheet at the end of 2009. Which of the following is most likely to occur? (Points : 10) (a) The required rate of return for an average stock will increase by an amount equal to the increase in the market risk premium. (b) The required rate of return will decline for stocks whose betas are less than 1. 0. (c) The required rate of return on the market, rM, will not change as a result of these changes. (d) The required rate of return for each individual stock in the market will increase by an amount equal to the increase in the market risk premium. (e) The required rate of return on a riskless bond will decline.

Choosing A Good Food And Beverage Outlet Marketing Essay

Choosing A Good Food And Beverage Outlet Marketing Essay 1. Introduction Imagine yourself are feeling hungry and feel confused where to eat? Which food and beverage outlet would you prefer to dine in? You might be confused as there are many restaurants in PJ area, these are the question that sometimes comes from our mind. Either to try dines at a restaurant you have not visit before or come back and dine to the restaurant you have tried. The previous study shows that a demand of ethnic food is has increase in worldwide, due to the influence of ethnic diversity, difference of overseas food and cultural experiences on different foods (Josiam Monteiro, 2004). As there are many type of restaurant in Malaysia, therefore in this study I will be focusing on ethnic based restaurants, and focus on Petaling Jaya area. It is important to know about consumers preference especially students in choosing ethnic restaurant. As we know, Petaling Jaya has lots of university and college around and its good to targeting the student to introduce and experiencing ethnic food to them. As there are research problem arise from this study, therefore I come out with research questions which are, What are the factors that can influence student in choosing ethnic restaurant to eat? and also How to improve the ethnic Asian restaurant in order to fulfil student needs based on their behaviour? This study shows that student will become customer for now and for the next generation. There are several objectives arise from this research such as to examine the factors affecting student preference of ethnic Asian restaurant, to find out eating behaviour of student towards ethnic Asian restaurant Lastly, to assist restaurant owners particularly of ethnic restaurant for them to understand deeper on the pattern of student behaviour in restaurant selection This research consists of five chapters in order to meet the research objective. This report would make a significant contribution for the ethnic restaurant owners or the related industry players, with a focus on the factors that affecting student preference of ethnic Asian restaurant in Malaysia. The second chapter begins with a review of the literature related to the buying behaviour of consumer and the consumer buying process. Furthermore, it describes the methodology used in conducting this research in chapter three. After all the details of the results obtained, together with a discussion on the detailed meaning of those findings are presented in chapter four which is under findings and analysis. Then, recommendations and conclusion will be showed at the end. 1.1 Malaysia Foods Understanding the culture in Malaysia is really essential in order to develop a new restaurant or to improve an existing restaurant. Malaysia is a multi-ethnic and multi-culture country with the population in February 2007 is 62% Malays, 24% Chinese, and 8% Indians, the rest are others (Zahari, et al, 2005). The Malays are the largest community, which defined as Muslim because Malaysia is an Islamic country. Each population in Malaysia has different unique culture. The main food product in Malaysia is the same, no matter what the cultures are, and it is rice. They usually eat with different side dish such as vegetable, meat, and seafood. 1.1.1 Malays Cuisine The Malays cuisine shows strong influences from the countryside, like Indonesia. The religions of these malays are mostly Muslim. In order to fulfill the needs of Malaysian, the cuisine in Malaysia must have certificated of Halal, which means the food in one restaurant does not contain any ingredient from any part or product of animals that are considered non-halal to Muslims by Islamic Law or products of animals, which are not slaughtered according to Islamic Law. But, the government also allows the restaurant with non-halal food to grow in Malaysia. Malays culture has different manner of dining. They use their fingers to eat, if they are not using any utensils. Malays are advised not to eat more than two-third of their capacity and sharing is recommended. Malays cuisine incorporates a lot of herbs and spices. Preparation and seasoning are important factors when it comes to the making Malays cuisine. Desserts are a must for any Malays meal, either only fruits or sweet dessert that i ncludes ingredients such as coconut milk, palm sugar, and flour. According to the research conducted, Malays consume more flour products than other ethnic groups (Zahari, et al, 2005). 1.1.2 Chinese Cuisine The Chinese have been setting in Malaysia for many centuries. It has been influenced by Malays culture. Their eating habit is slightly different from Malays. Most of the Chinese prefers to eat the food from their origin country, called as Chinese food. The taste of the food is more salty compare to Malays food. The Chinese can eat in non-halal restaurant. That is one of the reason a lot of restaurants in Malaysia are non-halal. Chinese eating manner is usually eating their foods with chopstick. They usually eat the rice in the bowl with the side dish separately in small plate. The manner of eating is shared with their family or friends. For the dessert, they prefer to have fruits. From the research of the Chinese restaurant, they mostly have more variety in appetizer compare to the dessert. The culture of Chinese is they like to hang out together with their friends in the restaurant, do some drinking beer or might be drink tea only (Zahari, et al, 2005) 1.1.3 Indians cuisine The Indian community in Malaysia is the smallest of the three main ethnic cultures. The Indian who come to Malaysia bring with them the Hindu culture, especially for their cuisine. The cuisine of Indian is similar with Malay cuisine. They use a lot of herbs and spices that originated from India. The example of Indian cuisine is curry, briyani rice. The taste of their cuisine is tastier and have unique flavor compare to other ethnic cuisine. The eating manner in Indian culture is almost the same with Malays culture. If they not use the utensil, they will eat using their finger (Zahari, et al, 2005). Many cultures have greatly influenced the cuisine, from Malaysia and the surrounding areas. Most of the influence comes from Malay, Chinese, Indian, Thai, Javanese, and Sumatran culture. And most of this is due to Malaysia is a part of the ancient spice route. The cuisine is very similar to Singapore and Brunei, and also bears resemblance to Filipino cuisine. The different states of Malaysia have varied dishes. Most of the time, the food in Malaysia is different from the original dishes. This means that although much of Malaysian food can be traced back to a certain culture, they have their own identity. Therefore, these researches are conduct to another ethnical food that is minority provided in Malaysia, for example Korean food, Thailand food, Indonesian food, Japanese food and Vietnamese food. 1.2 Petaling Jaya Eating is one of Malaysias cultures as they have varieties of national and international food, and Petaling Jaya area is one of the favourite eating places for food hunter in this nation. With an abundance of eateries all over the place, and this city also often dubbed Foodies Haven by food lovers (www.asiawebdirect.com). All types of food and establishment can be found here. From 24 hour mamak stalls to bistros, these place are becoming heart and soul of the city. The reason why this research will conduct on Petaling Jaya area is because Petaling jaya is located on petaling district of Selangor state. This is one of the largest cities in Selangor state. 1.3 Ethnic foods The terminology of Ethnic food has been defined by various study. Ethnic food can be defines as a product that have a special ethnic (racial or national) or cultural group favours (The food marketing research, 2008). Ethnic food also could be defined as a specific cuisine that reflect characteristic of the local origin (Utami, 2004). Turgeon and Pastinelli ( 2002,pg. 252) refers ethnic as people that come from different land and a foreign to widespread the culture. An ethnic restaurant means a restaurant that publicity a a regional cuisine of another land (Turgeon and Pastinelli, 2002). 2. Literature review 2.1 Introduction In order to identify how consumer decide which restaurant to dine-in, first, we must understand the studies of buyers behaviour as it is significant and there are many factors that manipulate the manners of customer in selecting food choices. The marketing literature explained that many features may affect the shoppers purchase decision which consists of individual and psychological attributes, cultural, social and environmental variables and promotional strategies (Belk, 1975). Consumers are unique and this distinctiveness can be revealed in the consumption pattern and purchase practice (Pravin Tripathi 2008). The restaurant owners should recognize and understand the consumer because food and beverage outlets are expanded through the consumers preferred of food choice and how popular the restaurants among consumers. The aim of this paper will include consumer behaviour by using consumer decision-making process as foundation and identifies the factors that influence decision about their food preference of ethnic restaurant. This review explains about relationship between consumers and services, consumer decision-making process, and studies of consumers restaurant selection behaviour. Moreover, the connections between customer satisfaction, food quality, service quality and behavioural of choosing are discussed. Lastly, other factors that influence the selection of food are personality traits for example, neophobia and sensation seeking (Stone Pangbom, 1990; Venkatramaiah Devaki, 1990; Raudenbush et al. 1995; Pliner Melo, 1997) and socio economic factors such as, socio economic status, the price of foods (Cabanac, 1995; Jeffrey French, 1996, Steptoe Wardle, 1999). 2.2 Consumers and Services It is important for the service providers to understand how consumers evaluate their offerings (Zeithaml, 1981). Consumers cannot evaluate services in the same way they do to physical goods as services, because they have distinctive characteristics and experience quality. Therefore, services are finding more difficult to evaluate compare to physical goods. The main characteristics that can make services are different from physical goods are: intangibility, variability, inseparability, and perishability. (Kotler et al., 1998; Zeithaml, 1981; 2003) 2.2.1 Intangibility There is an argued between the difference of product and service in the characteristic of intangibility. As a matter of fact it has been said that intangibility is the key to determining whether or not an offering is a service or product (Zeithaml and Bitner, 1996). The intangible quality of service is the services that cannot be seen, touched, feel or taste like physical goods ( Zeithaml, 1981). Usually people are using tangible and intangible factors to make restaurant choice decisions before they come and eat at the restaurant (Rammaniya, 1998). Auty,1992; Soriano, 2002 stated that some of intangible factors from restaurant are: food quality, service quality and value for money. These intangible characteristic of service makes a hard decision to do the actual purchase. Therefore, most of the restaurants are rely on tangible factors such as facilities of the restaurant, decoration, and also atmosphere to fulfil the customers expectation about the restaurants (Bitner, 1990; Wall Be rry, 2007). 2.2.2 Variability Service has a numerous meanings because service may vary across service providers, employees, consumers and service encounters ( Zeithaml Bitner, 2003). The diversity of services makes it difficult for consumers to provide criteria towards one service provider to another service provider (S.Burton, 1990). On the other hand, restaurant operators face challenges due to maintaining consistency of the performance levels between food quality and service quality ( Cadotte Turgeon, 1988). For example, if one waitress provides a good service today and makes the consumers happy, it doesnt mean that on the next day that waitress will be perform the exact service to the same consumers as the previous day. (Kotler et al., 1998). 2.2.3 Inseparability Service is a unique characteristic which are cannot be produced and consumed at the same time before they are purchased and usually called as a simultaneous process ( Zeithmal Bitner, 2003). The service and the product of the restaurant cannot be sold individually, means that are the important thing to get the good perception from guest for their dining experience ( Kotler et al, 1998). 2.2.4 Perishablility Service cannot be stored. In difference to physical goods, it can be stored and sold at the next time, but services are a waste if they are not sold on the day available (Hoffman Bateson, 2001). Similarly, if one customer already reserved a table on the restaurant and suddenly the customer did not show up, it will cause the restaurant operator loss for that table that have been reserved on that day when the restaurant full occupied (Kotler et al., 1998). Service providers often notice it difficult to balance the demand and supply of the services that given by unpredictable character of consumer demand for services ( Holfman Bateson, 2001) 2.3 Consumer decision making process The buyers decision process is significant if the correct information of is distributed at the right time and at the right manner (Chris, 2005), and these literature are explain the steps of consumers decision that typically used when making purchase for a service. The consumer decision-making process are consists of five level which is: recognition from the consumers, information done by the consumers, evaluation of other alternative for the food, service purchase and consumption by consumers and also post purchase evaluation (Zeithaml Bitner, 2003) 2.3.1 Recognition The buying process and choice of food preference can start with the customer will identify a dilemma or a need, for example I am hungry or when a customer will respond to a marketing stimulus such as when you pass by at Starbucks and you are drawn to the aroma of the muffins (Fill, 2005). In a restaurant, Finkelstein (1989) highlight that modern restaurant has lots to do with psychological desire to get recognition for the customer about the restaurant. They want to be seen as a restaurant that could project their brand images and as a part of latest trends (Finkelstein, 1989). 2.3.2 Information Search The information search begins when a customer will decide how much information is needed, if the need is strong and that if it meets the desires and wants. Consumer can find information in many basis (Fill, 2005). Personal sources such as family and friends commercial sources for instants: advertising and packaging and public sources such as, examining and using the product. Once the need recognised, usually the consumers will find for some information about the service provided to fulfil their need. Consumers may look information from their relative or friend and also can search the information from outsource such as internet or magazine as their way to discover what are the services that they purchase ( Zeithaml, 1981) Restaurant meals was one of the categories to be considered in experience quality as they cannot be measure before the purchase, means that the selection of the restaurant was identify to be high( Zeithaml, 1981). Most of the consumers are relied to the personal sources like word of mouth from friends that already experience the restaurants before(Ladhari, Brun, Morales, 2008). 2.3.3 Evaluation of alternatives The study explains that customers generally select the product which is provided by personal source in contrast with commercial sources (Brunett, 2000). In the assessment stage the customer will then analyze how important and imperative the product and services is to them (Brunett, 2000). Once the customers collect all their information needed, they start to raise another set of alternative. The alternative means that option to considered that the price are compatible with the product or service ( Zeithaml, 1981). Consumer can evaluate their alternative by analyzing other factors that related to their needs. They have a different level of the factor affects or likely to choose the service that provide best option that most important to them (Kotler et al., 1998). For example, from two restaurants that offer same menu and service but the other restaurant can get the customer trust just because of one of the restaurant provide cheaper price or other factors that affect consumer decisio n (Brooke, 2004). 2.3.4 Purchase In this level, a purchase decision will take place if the consumers need is strong. If the food is not perceived as positive in its appearance, smell, texture or taste, it is unlikely to be eaten (Hetherington and Rolls 1996).After comparing the alternative, it is the time for the consumer to make a decision to purchase from their chosen service provider. On this level, restaurant service can have different experience from their consumers (Zeithaml Bitner, 2003). 2.3.5 Post Purchase Evaluation On last level, the post purchase evaluation refer to the concern of the customer after purchasing, for instants, a customer think that the food served in the food court are more cheap and more appetizing than the food served in the fast casual restaurants. In this situation, the customer will dine in the food court in his next visit (Kotler, 2005). For example, after dining in an Italian Restaurant, you realized that you want to eat in a Chinese Restaurant instead (Pravintripathi, 2008). The importance of understanding of consumer behaviour plays an important role in the shopping mall operators which have an impact to their marketing strategies. There are several diverse factors that influence the behaviour and priorities of a consumer. Nevertheless additional in depth research and studies are necessary in this field. In addition, there are many factors that can influence consumer restaurant choice in shopping malls in Malaysia. Therefore, below we are going to discuss all the factors that could influence consumer restaurant. Restaurant operator can apply these factors to plan strategies to influence the behaviour of their customers (Monteiro, 2000). 2.4 Food quality, service quality and customer satisfaction The literature of service marketing shows a connection between food quality, service quality, satisfaction of customer and also repeat patronage intention. In general, food quality was mostly affected customer satisfaction and behavioural intention (Namkung Jang, 2007). Furthermore, it has been well authorize by a number of studies that service quality is an priority reason to determine customer satisfaction (Chow et al, 2007) Research Methodology The research methodology that will be use in this research paper is quantitative technique, the data collection method will be a form of survey which is questionnaire and the sampling method will be the student from college and university student. The respondents will be male and female in different background and profile but more specific of their ages between 18-25 years old. The reason why this research conduct for student because most of generation x especially college student are having their meal away from home, reflecting their largely activity and single lifestyle (hfgconsulting.com) There will be 250 questionnaires distributed and 200 questionnaires expected to be completed in a correct manner. It will be conducted around Petaling Jaya area which are having some international college such as Monash collage, sunway college, Inti college, and other famous collage around Petaling Jaya area. Potential respondents were pre-screened with the question, Have you dined at an upscale ethnic restaurant in the past twelve months? If the answer was yes, respondents were asked to participate in these research by completing the next questions. The survey will be measure by 5 points range scale, range from 1 ( strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).

The Importance of understanding break even analysis

The Importance of understanding break even analysis First of all, production managers and management accountants need to have a clear understanding of break-even analysis. This analysis is used as a general guideline for business decision making and is important for a number of reasons, including the ability to forecast the future cost and revenues and determine whether the business is making profit or loss, and also be able to develop a pricing strategy. The break-even analysis is based on marginal costing. 2008. Business Basics. 3rd edn. Essex: BPP publishing. The total cost of manufacturing or producing products or services is divided into two main parts = fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed costs are not directly related to the volume of production and should remain broadly constant while variable costs vary directly with the production volume and change directly when the production volume changes. [WWW]. http://journal .au.edu/au-techno/2007/JUL07/auJourna/Tech_article.09.pdf (20 November 2008) The Break-even point (BEP) is the point at which income and expenditure are equal, and so neither a profit nor a loss is made. When calculating the break even point the total fixed costs are divided by the contribution per unit. The contribution is the difference between the sales revenues and the marginal cost of sales (variable costs). 2008. Business Basics. 3rd edn. Essex: BPP publishing. Fixed Costs (FC) = Fixed production overheads + Fixed administration overheads + fixed distribution overheads FC = 200000 + 180000 + 120000 =  £500000 Variable costs (VC) = Direct materials + Direct wages + Variable production overheads VC = 350000 +50000 + 200000 =  £600000 VC per 1 unit = 600000 =  £12 50000 SR =1000000 =  £20 50000 Contribution = Sales revenue (SR) Variable costs (VC) Contribution =  £20  £12 =  £8 Break even point (BEP) = Fixed costs (FC) Contribution BEP = 500000 = 62500 units 8 Margin of safety (%) = 50000 62500 100 = -25% 50000 The business is left with 25% of their sales. Taking the role of the management accountant evaluate each of the four alternatives. Pay Salespeople a 10 % commission, in anticipation of them selling more and the business reaching the break-even point. FC =  £500000 VC =  £12 +  £2 (10% commission of SR) =  £14 SR =  £20 Cont =  £20  £14 =  £6 BEP = 500000 = 83334 units 6 The original sales = 50000 units 83334 50000= 33334 units 33334 100 = 66.7% 50000 By choosing this option sales production and sales would need to increase by 33334 units. This means that the business needs to sell 66.7% of products more than were the original sales to meet the break-even point. The business should consider that if they increase the production the additional warehouse may be needed so the stepped fixed costs will occur. This idea may be considered as an unrealistic. Especially now, the economic crunch is affecting every kind of business and the companies need to be aware of what strategy are they going to use in order to increase their sales. The demand for products is decreasing because people are aware of this economic situation. They are loosing their confidence to buy products. They prefer to buy only necessities. And also the business needs to be aware of what the competitors will do and how they will undergo the present situation. The management accountant should investigate some unpredictable situations. How does the business know that by paying sales people a 10% commission, the business will reach break-even point? Is there a guarantee that the business will sell more? How can we predict that the demand for the products will increase? Reduce the selling price by 10% in anticipation of increasing sales by 30%. Expected sales = 50000 + 30% (15000) = 65000 units FC =  £500000 VC =  £12 SR =  £20 20/10 =  £18 Contribution =  £18  £12 =  £6 BEP = 500000 = 83334 units 6 Profit/Loss = (65000 x 6) 500000 =  £110000 loss Margin of safety (in units) = 65000 83334 = (18334) units Margin of safety (%) = (Expected sales breakeven sales) 100 Expected sales Margin of safety (%) = (65000 83334) 100 = 18334 100 65000 65000 Margin of safety (%) = -0.2821 100 = (28.21 %) By reducing the selling price by 10% the sale should increase by 30%. The break-even analysis presents that even if we sell 15000 units more the business would be left with 18334 units which represents 28.21 % of the production. Reducing the selling price by 10% may be a good pricing strategy that may increase customers demand for the product but even if we sell the expecting amount of units there will be a loss of  £110000, and not just that a new warehouse may be needed because of the increased sales. The stepped fixed costs occur. The management accountant needs to look for external factors which are affecting the demand for the product. Will this pricing strategy lead customers to buy more products? What the competitors will do? Will they decrease the selling price or will they invest money in improvements? Increase direct wage rates from  £4 to  £5 per hour as part of a productivity/pay deal. It is hoped that this will increase production and sales by 20%, but advertising costs would increase by  £50000. Expected sales = 50000 + (20%) = 60000 Direct wages =  £200000 :  £4 = 50000 hours New direct wages =  £5 ÃÆ'- 50000 =  £250000 FC = 250000 + 180000 +120000 =  £550000 VC = (350000 + 250000 + 50000) =  £13 50000 SR =  £20 Contribution =  £20  £13 =  £7 BEP = 550000 = 78572 units 7 Profit/Loss = (60000 x 7) 550000 =  £130000 loss Margin of safety (in units) = 60000 78572 = (18572) units Margin of safety (%) = (78572 60000) = 18572 x 100 = 31% 60000 60000 Increase of direct wages is a good motivation strategy which may increase the production by 20%. However this is not enough to cover the additional increase of wages and advertising costs. This scenario is clearly not a practicable option because the business will be left with 18572 units in the inventory and they will have a loss  £130000 loss. In the present economic situation is very risky to invest in the advertising because there is no guarantee that the demand for the product will increase as people are buying the cheapest products and services. In anticipation to produce and sell more a new warehouse may be needed. This means that the stepped fixed cost will occur. Can the company deal with  £130000 loss? What will the competitors do? Will they invest in the advertising or they will reduce the selling price? Increase sales by additional advertising of  £300000, with an increased selling price of 20%, setting a profit margin of 10%. FC = 500000 + 300000 =  £800000 VC =  £12 SR =  £20 + (20/10) ÃÆ'- 2 =  £24 Contribution =  £24  £12 =  £12 BEP = 800000 = 66667 units 12 Margin of safety (%) = (73334 66667) 100 = 9.1% 73334 Sales Volume to achieve a target profit = Fixed cost + target profit Contribution per unit Sales Volume to achieve a target profit = 800000 + 80008 = 73334 units 12 73334 units need to be produced and sold in order to produce a profit of 10%. This option can be considered as the most prosperous of all 4 options. However the business needs to deliberate that the increase of selling price by 20% is very unsecure. Particularly now the market is very unstable and the companies should try to sell everything they have. Producing more products is very risky. There is no guarantee that the sales would be made. Everything depends on customers. Many examples could be used from news. For instance, sales of cars fell by 23% and people are not going to the restaurant for their meal, they are saving their money and buying only necessaries. The business needs to be aware that the demand for the products is decreasing and not increasing. Why they want to produce more products? Also the business needs to be careful with the investment in adverting. The cost of advertising may be hard to cover. A positive thing is that if the company orders more material to produce more products, the suppliers may offer a discount. The business needs to take in consideration the competitors in the market and what they would do. Will they reduce the selling price or will they invest in advertising? The management accountant should investigate all the factors that may affect the demand for the product and watch the economic situation. What are the limitations of break-even analysis? Do these limitations invalidate it as a reliable business analytical tool? The limitations of break-even analysis The break-even analysis is based on forecasting and has a certain limitations which should be considered. It is not always possible to predict what will happen on the market. The linear relationship is based on the presumption that costs remain constant. However this is not the case in practical market situations. The business may get some discount from its suppliers. Also the business can often reduce its selling price in order to increase its sales volume and this is an efficient strategy known as a non-linear relationship. Scarlett, R. 2007. Management Accounting Performance evaluation. Butterworth-Heinemann The business need to bear in mind that if a production increases or decreases it may result in expansion or reduction of capacity. If the Henllys scenario is used, in each case there is an anticipation of increased sales and production and this means that a new warehouse may be needed. The stepped fixed costs occur and this situation result in multiple break even points. Wood, F. Sangster, A. Business Accounting 2, 2008, 11 edn. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Pg. 656. Apart from the situation described above the product mix need to be applied as well. Many organisations have more then one product or service and this can have an impact on the apportionment of fixed costs which can become arbitrary. Scarlett, R. 2007. Management Accounting Performance evaluation. Butterworth-Heinemann The break-even analysis is internal and it is not used to consider the things like competition or market demand which means that the business should use other analysis to watch what is happening on the market and what strategies are used by competitors. These limitations explained above invalidate our break-even analysis as a reliable business analytical tool.

Latin America Resources Essay -- essays research papers

I. 1.Miguel Angel Asturias- A Nobel Prize wining novelist and poet from Guatemala. Wrote about his experience under a dictatorship. Established small-town life and a clash of cultures as themes 2.Frida Kahlo- Started painting in 1925 when she was hospitalized. Married Diego Rivera. Was inspired by retablos, religious paintings. Was a champion of Mexican culture. 3.John F. Kennedy – Kennedy encouraged Latin American countries to undertake reforms to raise the standard of living for their people with the Alliance for Progress in 1961. 4.Luis Munoz Marin – Became Puerto Rico’s first elected governor in the 1950s. He supported a program to encourage tourism and develop industry on the island. 5.Gabriel Garcia Marquez- Nobel Prize winning author in Columbia. Wrote in a Style called magical realism. Most popular novel was One Hundred years of Solitude. 6.James Munroe – Issued the Munroe Doctrine in 1823 which disallowed colonization in the Americas 7.Pablo Neruda - Chile’s Nobel Prize winning poet who criticized the United States for using its power and wealth to carve up Panama. 8.Manuel Noriega – Panama’s president who was charged by the United States with drug trafficking in 1988. 9.Franklin D. Roosevelt – Announced the Good Neighbor Policy in 1933, which declared that â€Å"no state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another state.† 10.Theodore Roosevelt – President that offered Columbia $10 million for a strip of land in Panama to build a canal. Roosevelt encouraged rebels in Panama to rebel when Columbia rejected the offer. In 1903 when the Panama people received their independence, they granted US the 10 mile wide â€Å"canal zone.† II. 1. Under the Platt Amendment, the United States claimed the right to intervene in Cuban affairs. 2. The United States gained Puerto Rico and Philippines from Spain. 3. Financial interests led the United States to intervene in Latin America. In the early 1900s, the Dominican Republic was unable to pay its debts to American banks. American forces also occupied Nicaragua and Haiti ,and intervened in the affairs of Honduras 6 times. In each case, they stepped in to protect American lives and property or to support a government that favored American interests. 4. The United States wanted to create a solid anti-communist bloc in the Americas. The United States’ primary concern was the communist country of ... ...lopment and democracy. The OAS includes the United States, which has tended to dominated the organization. 11.retablos – religious paintings offered as thanks for escape from misfortune. 12.Sendero Luminoso – (Shining Path) Extreme left wing group that resorted to torture and murder in their on-going struggle to control the country of Peru. 13.Spanish-American War – As the United States industrialized, it extended its influence in the Caribbean and Central America. During the 1890s, Cuban patriots were battling for independence from Spain. In 1898, the United States declared war on Spain and joined the fighting. It promised that once peace was achieved it would â€Å"leave the government and control of Cuba to its people.† The Spanish American War ended in victory for the United States. Cuba did gain its independence, but the United States forced Cuba to include the Platt Amendment as part of its new constitution. Under the Platt Amendment the United States claimed the right to intervene in Cuban affairs. As a result the United States gained Puerto Rico and Philippines from Spain. 14.ultraismo – The belief that art should exist for its own sake, not for any social or political reasons.

Super Elevations :: physics science

Have you ever been driving down the road and approach a turn too fast? What happens? You and the car undergo centrifugal force and you as well as the car are pushed away from the turn, or up the grade also know as a superelevation. An engineer must balance this force raising the grade on one side of the road. It should be noted that under theoretical observations steering would be effortless but in order to provide these ideal conditions the friction factor would be zero and the vehicle weight would balance the centrifugal force ¹. In the real world we have friction and cannot afford to build the extremely steep slope of ËÅ"30 º every time we need an off ramp or horizontal curve. In order for the operator to comfortably maneuver a curve there are several variables that must be accounted for, the radius of the curve, friction and velocity. Radius length may depend on sight distance and right of way, or property lines as well as sight distance. Friction depends on the surface properties of various materials and climate. The slope and velocity are usually dependent on the variables just described. While building and designing these roads, it is industry standard to put 1/3 of the change in grade within the horizontal curve and 2/3 of the transition length on the tangent. In Layman’s terms, by the time the car approaches the first part of the curve, 2/3 of the grade has already been built. This assures smooth transition for the driver to maneuver the curve ³. In order to get a better idea of what kind of friction coefficients are used in Alaska, we can look at the Badger Road Interchange construction project on the Richardson Highway ². The nortbound on ramp (from Badger Road) will have a speed limit of 35 mph a radius of 135 meters and a superelevation of 5.5%. From this data one may find the friction coefficient, ( µ) to be equal to 0.10. Another example taken from the same project, observed from the off ramp in the south bound lane will have a radius of 253 meters, a super of 6% and a speed limit of 45 mph  µ was observed to be 0.09, which is just enough traction to make these corners at the posted limit. A friction coefficient that small leads the author to assume the engineers designed these turns to be taken under extremely slick conditions.

How William Shatner Changed the World

The documentary â€Å"How William Shatner Changed the World† is about the global effect that the original series of Star Trek had on technology throughout the world. The documentary talks about the technology that currently existed when Star Trek originally came out in 1966 and its comparison to the ‘futuristic' technology that was onboard the Star Trek ship the ‘Enterprise'. This ‘futuristic' technology onboard the enterprise sparked a revolution in the world's technology and inspired many to make technology similar to the ones on Star Trek.Many film techniques are used in this documentary not only to make the documentary interesting, but humourous as well. Some of these film techniques include various camera shots, archival footage and montages to name a few. In the beginning of the documentary, William Shatner is talking and is driving his car and whilst he is driving it there are many jump shots between his car and segments of Star Trek. The effect of thi s gives you insight of what the documentary is mainly about.In this documentary many inventors make an appearance in the documentary and talk about how Star Trek inspired them to invent their technology e. g. Martin Cooper who was the inventor of the cell phone the shots used when all of them are talking are medium shots that capture their face and upper torso. This gives off the feeling that the people look close and also so that the camera men can capture them using arm gestures. The use of archival footage is used a lot throughout this documentary showing mainly clips of Star Trek relating to the topic that William Shatner is narrating about.This makes it easy to show what the ‘futuristic' technology Star Trek had at the time so we can see and compare it to today's modern technology that we take for granted. One of the more interesting film techniques that was used in the documentary was a segue which was used when William Shatner walked up to a giant rock, then an edit was used to show archival footage of him as an younger actor in a Star Trek episode fighting an alien, and as an alien throws the rock, the current William Shatner comes back into view and catches the rock.This use of one motif being the rock used in two scenes to link each other is a slightly humourous segue. Other film techniques used in this documentary are camera angles where William Shatner deliberately moves the camera up and down making him look slightly different from both angles. Editing is also used throughout the documentary a lot for example when William Shatner was narrating and the camera was upon him, jump cuts are used switching to different shots of him like close ups, long shots and crane shots.This editing makes William Shatner's narration more interesting and funny. â€Å"How William Shatner Changed the World† is an example of a great documentary that uses its film techniques wisely and with good timing, not to mention the documentary has a very good context that appeals to many viewers because of its witty humour.

Gun Control Is Bad Essay

Gun consider laws should non be built, sooner they should be enforced. instead of making it harder for law-abiding citizens to curb munitions, catalysts should be taken a flair from unstable individuals or stack who should non demand hitmanmans manage criminals. The first reason why taw check up on should not be strengthened is that citizens cod the s privycel outful to own hoagies it is ane of those entitlements that muddles the United States different from opposite countries. Secondly, criminals argon criminals and that is why they ar called criminals, they put ont follow the law basically if a criminal inadequacys a gun they pass oning beat back a gun, legally or not. My third reason is that guns are utilize for tax shelter. Strengthening gun control laws bequeath not prevent rage, guns arent the and tool used to scandalize wad, and battalion go forth use other objects to hurt battalion if they cant give birth guns. Without a gun, massacree rs bequeath still rack up nation whether they use a gun, knife, baseball game bat, or whatever other object, it doesnt matter.If not that many citizens have guns give thanks to stronger gun laws, what if the regime becomes tyrannical or does not protect the citizens rights? Well they wint be able to do anything because they bequeath be helpless, they cant take out the leaders and lay out the authorities. The second amendment states, A well-regulated militia, being demand to the security of a free state, the right of the people to find and bear arms, shall not be infringed. Adolf Hitler took a management guns from the Jewish people during his reign of power in Europe, the institution states that guns are obligatory to the security of a free state and Hitler did not pauperization a free state, he did not lack them to fight back.Same goes for Fidel Castro and other leaders like them. Guns are necessary to for the people to have, to train sure the government is kept in line. The founding fathers treasured citizens to be able to own guns to make sure that the people are in charge. Thomas Jefferson said, When the people fear the government there is a tyranny, when the government fears the people there is liberty. If stricter gun control laws went into heart then citizens will begin to tolerate a basic right as a citizen of the United States.Some people who think strengthening gun control will reduce gun violence but it will solely make law-abiding citizens not want to go through the process of getting a gun. Criminals will influence a focussing to get guns if they want them which is why instead of strengthening gun laws, it should be do sure that criminals and unstable people do not have guns. When alcohol was embezzled during Prohibition, the criminals still found a charge to get it, if guns are nonlegal they will still find a way to get them. moolah has some of the strictest gun control laws in the nation. In 2010 it was illegal for a c itizen to own a handgun. In that same year more Chicago police officers were killed by gunfire than any other police agency. According to theacru.org a Harvard study showed, Norway has the highest rate of gun self-command in western sandwich Europe, yet possesses the terminal murder rate.In contrast, Hollands murder rate is nearly the worst, despite having the last(a) gun ownership in Western Europe. This is showing how gun control does not work. According to dosomething.org, Most guns used in umbrages are stolen either from inglesides or gun dealers. A criminal will find a gun illegally if they have to, they wont fretting active gun control laws, only citizens who will follow the law will, and they will be the ones to get hurt by the criminals. If they want it, they will find a way to get it. Guns dont kill people, people kill people and if guns are not available then people will still kill people, gun control laws being strengthened will not stop people from killing each o ther. The proof is in the facts, gun control doesnt work.Guns can be used to balance power between the strong and the defenseless which can take over innocent lives. For example, if an elderly woman was rest home alone and someone was breaking into her home she could easily shoot the interloper and wield herself. According to justfacts.com, in a watch over through by the U.S. Centers for Disease mesh and Prevention from 1994, Americans use guns to frighten extraneous intruders who are breaking into their homes about 498,000 generation per year.An example of this is a story done by ABC News on October 20, 2012 a 12 year aging girl was home alone when an intruder broke in, she hid in her printing press with her milliamperes gun and when the intruder came to the closet she shot him in the shoulder and he got scared off, that probably saved her life. Also, a survey from the Journal of Quantative Criminology from 2000 stated, U.S. civilians use guns to be themselves and other s from crimes at least 989,883 times per year. If gun control laws are strengthened it will be harder for citizens who obey the law to obtain guns which they would use to protect themselves therefore the crime rate will spike as the smaller and weaker cannot protect themselves.Stricter gun control laws will only make it harder for citizens who rattling follow the law to acquire guns, criminals dont care if it is illegal or not. It is an unalienable right as a U.S. citizen to own guns and guns are used as protection from people like who want to do harm to others. If gun laws are strengthened criminals will still get the guns if they want them, they dont care if they break the law. Guns are used for protection by citizens. I think that the only way to lessen violence with guns is to have stronger penalties for murders and harm to other people. Also, I intend that people should keep track of their guns and keep them in a safe hindquarters so no one can steal them.

Dementia Awareness Unit Essay

1. develop what the limit mania promoter2. observe the key functions of the read/write head that argon bear upon by craziness3. Explain why depression, delirium and age associate storage impair handst may be err adeptous for aberration4. Outline the medical specimens of delirium5. Outline the kindly models of derangement6. Explain why frenzy should be viewed as a hindrance7. List the good-nigh third estate features of lunacy8. Describe the likely signs and symptoms of the near common causes of lunacy9. Outline the attempt factors for the around common causes of mania10. Identify prevalence range for diametrical graphic symbols of madness11. Describe how diametric individuals may see it away vitality with madness depending on age, type of dementia, and take aim of qualification and dis skill12. Outline the electric shock that the postures and doingss of contrarys may nourish on an individual with dementia1. Explain what the term h eit herucination means insanity is a term used to describe the symptoms that amount when the headland is affected by specific diseases and conditions. craziness is a syndrome do to disease of the brain, ordinarily of a chronic progression nature in which in that respect be multiple disturbances of higher cognitive function. Symptoms of dementia include loss of remembering, confusion and problems with speech and find outing.2. Describe the key functions of the brain that ar affected by dementia The key function of the brain affected by dementia atomic number 18 impairment of w atomic number 18housing thinking, and orientation, learning abilities, actors line and jugement.The resulting disability depends on the fundamental interaction between the underlying disease process, the individual and the loving environment.3. Explain why depression, delirium and age link retentiveness impairment may be mistaken for dementia.Dementia often is developing s haplessly and is non alway s obvious in the early stages. in that respect are symptoms similar to dementia seen in opposite illnesses andsome cadences it trick be difficult to nonify apart dementia from the usual forgetfulness seen in conventionalism ageing. Also in that respect are legion(predicate) an(prenominal) other reason why mass live forgetful, depressed, anxious, humour changing. Symptoms so-and-so be tie in to some medicines and drugs, vitamin deficiency, thyroidal problems.4. Outline the medical models of dementiaMedical model relates to clinical approach, how the changes occur indoors the brain, man maturation the condition with medication, etc Dementia as a clinical syndrome is characterised by worldwide cognitive impairment, which represents a decline from previous level of functioning, and is associated with impairment in functional abilities and, in many cases, conductal and psychiatric disturbances.5. Outline the social models of dementiaSocial model is to a greater extent ab out the mortal, how it affects individuals, seeks to understand the emotions and demeanors of the person with dementia by placing him or her within the context of his or her social circumstances and biography. flavour at a person with dementia as an individual, with his or her own history and background, care and hold house be designed to be more appropriate to individual needs.6. Explain why dementia should be viewed as a disability Dementia is non a normal part of the aging process it is a disease of the brain that leads to disability of cognitive function, behavioural or repulse deficits. great deal with dementia are non able to sound alone, they are a risk for them and for others they need go on charge, carers who are trained to meet their needs. Dementia is progressive, which means the symptoms go out gradually get worse.7. List the almost common causes of dementiaDementia it is a spectacular umbrella term used to coer different conditions that cause dementia. T here are many different types of dementia, the most common are Alzheimers disease, vascular Dementia, Lewy body dementia, Alcohol related dementia, introductory temporal type dementia. All types of dementia are characterized by antidromic neuro corruption, which is brain cells dying daily. This leads to cognitive, behavioural or motor deficits. One of the ways to categorized dementia is by where the prostitute to these cells isoccurring in the brain.Alzheimers disease cause loss of brain cells, neurons, cause by what are called plagues and tangles in the brain. Plagues comprise of protein, make loven as amylaceous which attach themselves to cells in the brain and ultimately destroys them. Tangles are bundles of abnormal fibres which consist in protein called tau.Alzheimer disease can be seen throughout the brain entirely is particularly noticeable in the temporal and parietal lobes. It in any case changes in the brain neurotransmitter system, the chemical messages which a llow communicating between brain cells breaks down. vascular Dementia usually is due to a thrombosis, a cloth forming in a vessel which then leads to areas of brain cell death.Lewy body dementia. People with this type of dementia crap brain plagues like someone with Alzheimers but have fewer tangles and instead have Lewy bodies which are pink staining structures found in neurones brain cells. Front temporal dementia is a degeneration of frontal and temporal lobes of the brain parts there are controlling the behaviour, emotional responses ore language skills. It is a rare form of dementia affecting younger large number under the age of 65. Alcohol related dementia caused by atrophy of the brain associated with alcoholic drink consuming.8. Describe the likely signs and symptoms of the most common causes of dementiaAlzheimers disease Slow onset, Memory problems, myopic concentration, word finding difficulty, damage reasoning, increasing frequence and severity of symptoms, proble m initiating new ideas, failure to manage people, places, objects. Vascular dementia Patchy brain impairments, crisp onset, insight present, depression common, aphasia can be more prominent, personality changes. Lewy body dementia memory loss, low precaution spam, confusion, lost sense of smell, hallucination, delusion, slowness of movement, frisson of hands and legs, shuffling, sleep disturbance, loss of facial expression. Front temporal dementia Apathy, routines and obsessions, speech fluent intact, small(a) insight, loos of social awareness, neglect of responsibilities, poor judgement and impaired reasoning.9. Outline the risk factors for the most common causes of dementia The main factor is old age over 80 years old it is more likely to develop dementia. The risk factors can be unsound diet (excess of fat, animal protein, high processed food), obesity, smoking, employ of alcohol, high blood pressure, lack of exercise, cardio- vascular diseases, and genetical background. A healthy lifestyle may shave the risk of developing the disease. 10. Identify prevalence evaluate for different types of dementia Both man and cleaning lady get dementia. Dementia affects generally older people but it can affect younger people. In UK there are about 750.000 people with dementia and 18.500 people under age of 65.Over 17.000 people got Alzheimer it represents 40-50% of people with dementia. About 10% of people with dementia are known as mixed dementia. Vascular dementia, the second cause after Alzheimer affects about 20% of all dementia. Lewy bodies dementia affects about 19% of all dementia and it is believed to increase. Fronto-temporal dementia is one of the rarer types, affecting men and women under 65. It is the second cause for dementia in younger people (under 65) and is the third most common cause for this group of age. Korsakoff syndrome is diagnosed in about one in eight people with alcoholism. Present in about 2% of general population, it is affecting mainly man between 45 and 65 Parkinson dementia represents around 2% of all causes of dementia in the UK.11. Describe how different individuals may experience living with dementia depending on age, type of dementia, and level of ability and disability Depending of the type of dementia, age, personality, environmental, individuals can experience different challenges despite of the pattern of the disease.Dementia is classified in three stages early dementia, defend dementia, severe dementia.In earlier stage a person with dementia can appear more apathetic, louse inters on activities, not interested to enterprise new things, be unable to adaptedto changes, poor judgements, blame others to luxate things, became more forgetful to recent events ,be more ill-natured if they fail on something, have difficulty intervention money. In this stage the symptoms are not so evident and can be easily related to old age or tiredness.In moderate stage the symptoms are more evident and disabling. A person became more forgetful, confuse about outer space and time, lost if it is an unfamiliar surroundings, forget familiar call or confuse one family member to other, esteem around on streets having disturbing nights, transport inappropriate, comprehend or hearing things there are not there, become very(prenominal) repetitive, neglected on hygienics or eating, become angry, upset or hard put through frustration. In these cases a person is not able to live alone, volition need supervision and assistance becoming a risk for him/her and others. atrocious dementia, the person became severely disable and need wide-cut care and supervision. Memory is very poor, they cant remember things even for a minute, louse the ability to understand or speech, became totally incontinent, did not substantiate friends or family, need assistance in all ADLs, being very disturbed at night, agile and aggressive, having difficulty walking, having uncontrolled movements, in time phlegm will beca me permanent.Most people with dementia patronize some memory loss. Depend of the type of dementia, level of their disability, background, there can be some difference. For shell in Alzheimers disease difficulty in functioning are regular, in Vascular dementia they may have patchy in what they can and cannot do or have some damage in specific areas or functioning and none in others. In Lewy Body dementia, people will have fluctuation in their cognitive state, memory functions tend to be better preserved. They can in any case have more prominent visual and auditive hallucinations, paranoid and depression may be common. In Front temporal dementia, in early stages the memory remains intact but the personality and behaviour will change. They can behave inappropriately, lose inhibition, language problems.Some abilities remain even many are lost as the disease progress. The person facilitate keeps their senses of touch and hearing and their ability to respond to emotion. A person with dementia may not be able to communicate their wishes and needs they may not be able to tell if they are in pain because of this they will use their behaviour to communicate. The behaviour of a person with dementia is a considerable challenge for carers. It will not always be clear what the person is trying to tell, it is up to the carer to try and find out what the person needs. Because a person with dementia is forgetful, confuse, became frighten not knowing where he/she is, not recognise the people, surroundings, he/she can register contest behaviour. They can become aggressive, they can yearn themselves or others, shouting, wondering and usually trying to go out. Their personality can change and it is frustrating for family who know their beloved, a nice, calm person can become totally different.Although some symptoms are common to many people with dementia, each persons experience with the disease will be different. Dementia it is a disability a person with dementia will nee d someone to be with them all the time to meet their needs, to protect them for becoming a risk for them and others.12. Outline the impact that the attitudes and behaviours of others may have on an individual with dementiaBecause behaviour, in my opinion, is the most challenging when caring for a person with dementia, carer has to be well informed about their client. Attitudes and behaviour of others may have a big impact in exploitation of the disease. The behaviours shown by people with dementia happen for a reason The person with dementias behaviour may be related to something in their gone life, a job or a role such as being mother or father. They may be trying to tell you that they are lonely and miss their family. Or they could be telling you that they want to feel useful.Provided person centred care is of the outermost importance, therefore is essential to have prior cognition of the clients past for example hobbies, family structure. A well structured plan of care for m odule to follow isessential, to treat the client as a human being is crucial and not as someone with dementia. Many people with dementia have a fragile sense of self-worth its particularly important that people continue to treat them with courtesy, save advanced their dementia.A surrounding can twist person behaviour a person with dementia can show bad behaviour erect because he is trying to tell you something about their environment. It can be a noisy room, a insentient room, they does not know where they are.The client with dementia should be safeguarded and protected from the conflictual situation, noisy environment, pain or afflictive experiences which may trigger a challenging behaviour.The attitude of the people around, the way they speak or behave may influence the mood of someone with dementia. It is high hat to stay calm, provide reassurance and distract the person attention to something pleasant for him. The carers and family must understand that the persons behavio ur is not something he can control, or something he means it.Understanding, tolerance, encouragement and kindness tour preserving the dignity of the person is the best way to bang while carrying for a client with dementia. Its very important that people with dementia are do by with respect, to remember that a person with dementia is a unique and valuable human being, despite their illness.

Becoming an Informed Voter

g simplyiums fifth congressional regularise was created in the yr 1827 subsequent on it was re domini unriv in solitary(prenominal)edd from the superstar multi-appendage soil, the in a broad way rule. During the basic natural congressional preferences held in compar fitting form, the rule selectd for Charles Haynes, a Jacksonian. In 1829 however, it was re districted to the multi-member district.Ever since 1845, the fifth congressional district has been an breakaway district in tabun, electing portrayatives to the admit later on each twain years. notably, the congressional initiate has by and super been gain ground by antiauthoritarian enddidates.The precisely exceptions were in the 1851, 1868, 1873, and 1967, 1969, and 1971 choices. During fivesome of these elections, the re worldly concernan nominees emerged victorious. It was solely in 1851 when doubting Thomas Hackett, a third- panorama streak on a union member fleur-de-lys win the elections . From 1987 to the moment, f miserableerpotful Lewis, a populist has win alto forceher the elections by a fundament t erupt ensembley colossal gross profit boundary line. To a giant extent, tabuns fifth part congressional district has ballotingd on party lines during chairial election.During the 2004 elections, the devil presidential nominees, populist trick Kerry and republican George pubic hair true 78 dowery and 28 sh atomic number 18 singly ( coitusional Quarterly, 2005). In the 2008 elections, the district more than(prenominal) oft than non selectd for the participatory nominee, Barack Obama (79. 12 portion of the gen date of referencel balloting as comp bed to McCain who managed to take away a absolute 20. 1 portion of the general vote) (Cost, 2008). innate(p) in Troy, aluminum in 1940, privy Lewis was to scram one of the most(prenominal) noteworthy politicians in atomic number 31. It was during the civic properlys Movements of the mid-sixties that he advancingly came into the public bena.He is ill-famed for having chaired the savant unprovocative arrange perpetration (SNCC), a bookman courteous exploit that purported to repugn the far-off-flung racially- base discrimination. Similarly, his government agency in the fence against racial segregation is give tongue to to study been broad act and tripletership amicable demonstrations much(prenominal) as the Selma-to-Montgomery border of 1965, and coordinate the multiple sclerosis granting immunity object (Hill, 2002). despite the site that he suffered vastly down the stairs the inexorable expire of pronouncement agencies, Lewis endured, and was not scarce dogged to lead by words, further by means of actions as puff up.It was in 1977 that Lewis front ran for nonap acidive office. This was by and by the congressional empower cut vacant, a posture occasioned by Andrew Young, the officer interpreters meshing to the UN . Nevertheless, he was get the better of by Wyche Fowler. In 1981, he was elect to the battle of Atlanta urban center Council, a get he served money box 1986 when he opted to argue for Congress. He managed to thrashing Julian baffle (47% to 35%) in the participatory primaries, a succeeder for the most part attributed to his championing for city moral philosophy and zoning. Thus, he became the foster unappeasable the soilsn (after Young) to represent tabun in Congress since the era of reconstruction (Hill, 2002).Since 1987 to the moment, Lewis has been re elective without microscopical or no opposite at all, scooping more than 70% of the vote on some(prenominal) occasions. During his semi policy-making c arer, he has interacted with galore(postnominal) politicians ir visualiseless of their racial background. He has as restrictingly as served in versatile congressional committees including the Subcommittee on Income certification and Family Support, and Subc ommittee on precaution as well as non-legislative committees such(prenominal) as the congressional forgiving Rights caucus, twenty-first century wellness armorial bearing meet, and the caucus on humanity Trafficking ( labor movement select Smart).One wave-particle duality that of necessity emerges whenever the passing surrounded by populists and republicans is considered is that of better-lookingism versus conservatism. In essence, the populists are considered as fully growns, plot of land the republicans are often depict as nonprogressives. Although this stereotyping may not unavoidably be correct, absolute major(ip)ity of republicans drive to be fuddled advocates of the establish traditions, go populists are more liberal in their approach, so knock-down(prenominal)er advocates of depart.Numerous take root words browse U. S. representatives and Senators based on their balloting affiliations. These complicate depicted object miscarriage and generat ive Rights fill partnership (NARAL), American well-bred Liberties concretion (ACLU), Childrens defence mechanism stock (CDF), American for republican swear out (ADA) and American nonprogressive federation (ACU) among opposites. In the year 2007, several(prenominal) groups rated proxy hindquarters Lewis as fol down in the mouths NARAL, century% ACLU, deoxycytidine monophosphate% ADA, 85% and CDF, item centigrade%. Overall, heptad kindle groups gave him an bonnie of 94%.In essence, this racy give is a strong feature that Lewis is a liberal politician. The event that he has been be a range of one C% by groups such as NARAL pro-choice America implies that he is genuinely adjunct of progressive as distant to button-down policies. set off 2 US asseverate of atomic number 31 The U. S. State of atomic number 31 is among the thirteen lord colonies that entered the sodality and make the confederate in 1788. shut out in 1864 when it had temporarily seced ed from the Confederate, the say has participated in all presidential elections.A close-hauled watching of diachronic trends reveals that gallium semi governmental storey in regard to pick out as mostly inclined to aliveness the cardinal major political parties in the country, republican and democrat. in the midst of 1868 and 1960 for casing, the province was persistently supportive of the Democrat party, suffrage democratic presidential nominees in either election (Martis, 1989). However, the rivalry touch the complaisant Rights moment championed by the Democrats in the forward(predicate) sixties precipitated a change in ballot coalitions outset 1964.For the first succession in history, the generally buttoned-up galliumn Democrats voted in a republican presidential nominee especially overdue to their discontentment with the profess. In the 1968 elections, the evidence voted for George Wallace, an case-by-case presidential candidate. However, this wa s the conk out elections that cut a third-party nominee put one over electoral votes in atomic number 31. Since then, the assure has remained more often than not republican. The only generation when the enjoin support and voted for a Democrat was in 1976 (Jimmy Carter) and 1992 ( prick Clinton) (congressional Quarterly, 2005).From a small point of view, support for Democrats during the deuce presidential elections was mostly root in the detail that some(prenominal) presidential nominees were from the southern renders. During the 2008 presidential elections, McCain (republican) true the absolute majority of atomic number 31s favourite vote (2,048,759 or 52. 23 portion as compared to Obama who current 1,844,123 or 47. 02 per centum of the best-selling(predicate) vote). As Compared to the 2004 presidential elections, the republican-Democrat lovable permissiveness during the 2008 elections was fundamentally low (5. 21% compared to 17 pct in 2004).To a bigger ext ent, the contract permissiveness was attributable to the amply elector outturn of African American voters. Nevertheless, McCain scooped all the 15 electoral votes. break finished of the all the another(prenominal) presidential candidates, only go after Barr cart track on a Libertarian tag managed to get a significant portion of the everyday vote (28,731 votes) (Cost, 2008). To a lifesize extent, tabun can be expound a Republican fixture as patent from presidential and congressional elections. Notably, the allege has not voted for a parliamentary presidential candidate since Bill Clinton win the give in in the 1992 elections.Despite the incident that African American voters dour in large numbers game during the 2008 presidential elections thus bring down the margin between the Republican and Democrat vote, the defer managed to adduce the Republican bequest through McCains win. With its lusty 15 electoral votes, Georgia emerged as the second largest stat e (after Texas) to be won by the Republican presidential nominee. On the fifteenth of celestial latitude 2008, all the fifteen electors voted for McCain and his running mate, Sarah Palin. McCain was able to carry eight-spot out of Georgias thirteen congressional districts (Cost, 2008).Based on the 2008 as well as previous presidential elections, Georgia can be express to be presently dip Republican. Senator Saxby Chambliss was born on the tenth of November, 1943 in Warrenton, northwestern Carolina. aft(prenominal) completing his mettlesome shallow education, he get together lanthanum technical school University where he pursue a degree in logical argument Administration, and later gradatory with a jurist doctorate from the University of Tennessee ( send off right to vote Smart). Chambliss entered into the political spotlight in 1994 after he was elected to the erect of deterrent examples on a Republican ticket.He was reelected in 1996, 1998, and 2000. During his footing as a model for Macon-based one-eighth congressional district, he served on the U. S. household of Representatives permanent allot committee on word of honor, anyways chairing the hold Intelligence on terrorist act and native land gage (Project vote Smart). In 2002, he vied for the Senate tail end where he face the incumbent, easy lay Cleland. Notably his think was on two major issues homeland protective cover and national defense. flagging a Republican ticket, he managed to win the election with a significant margin of 7%.In the 2008 elections however, neither him nor Democrat Jim Martin, his close opponent, managed to bewilder the call for 50%, a situation which precipitated a runoff. Nevertheless, Chambliss dis institute Martin 57. 5 share to 42. 5 percent (congressional Quarterly). As a Senator, Chambliss has been appointed to miscellaneous committees including the deputation on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, train deputation on Intelli gence, and delegation on protective covering and Cooperation in atomic number 63 among others.He has alike been a member in Caucus committees such as the Congressional throw out work Caucus, Senate caucus on military machine Deports, Arsenals and ammunition Plants, and boorish wellness Caucus (Project suffrage Smart). Although Senator Chambliss has been actively baffling in bi-partisan legislation, for instance the unavoidableness stabilization Act (2008), a close at hand(predicate) examen of his pick out get in depicts him as more often than not conservative. This is mostly reflected in worry group pass judgments. In 2003 for instance, for instance, LCV gave him a valuation of 0% on environmental issues, while NAACP gave him evaluation of 27% on civil liberties and rights issues in 2007.In 2007, he was rated as follows by other touch groups NARAL, 0% ACLU, 10% ADA, 10% and CDF, 40% (Project ballot Smart). Overall, he stock an honest rating of 15%. The circumst ance that his comely invoice is relatively low implies that Chambliss is a conservative Republican. accord to the topic Right to flavor committal and NARAL for instance, the Senator has retained a pro-life voting repose in as far as stillbirth issues are interested (Project balloting Smart). References Congressional Quarterly. (2005). melt to U. S. elections. saucily York CQ Press, 2001. Cost, J. (2008). Georgia McCain vs. Obama polling averages. RealClearPolitics.Retrieved July 23, 2009 from http//www. realclearpolitics. com/epolls/2008/president/ga/georgia_mccain_vs_obama-596. html. Hill, C. M. (2002). bottom Lewis from emancipation passenger to Congressman. wise York Enslow Publishers, Inc. Martis, K. C. (1989). The historical atlas of political parties in the get together States Congress. virgin York Macmillan produce Company. Project ballot Smart. Representative can buoy R. Lewis (GA). Retrieved July 23, 2009 from http//www. votesmart. org/bio. php? can_ id=26820 Project choose Smart. Senator C. Saxby Chambliss (GA). Retrieved July 23, 2009 from http//www. votesmart. org/issue_rating_category. php? can_id=22029